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Amphibian Declines on FrogWeb - NBII
Amphibian Declines on FrogWeb - NBII
Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines
Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines
Amphibian Disease
There are other Amphibian Diseases as well. Ranaviruses belong to the Iridovirus family and infect insects, fish, and amphibians. This type of virus is not known to infect persons or other warm-blooded animals. In the western United States, most die-offs attributed to ranaviruses have occurred in tiger salamanders, although recent testing has detected the virus in Columbia spotted frogs in Montana and mountain yellow-legged frogs in California. Hundreds or thousands of sick and dead amphibians can be found at affected sites. Usually, the virus infection occurs in larvae (tadpoles and aquatic salamanders with gills) and frogs that have just completed metamorphosis. Sick and recently dead amphibians show small ulcers in the skin and extensive reddening of the skin along the ventrum (stomach) and base of the limbs. Internally, the virus affects and destroys many organs, including blood vessels, skin, stomach, liver, kidneys, and spleen. Studies are under way to determine where the virus originates each year and whether the ranaviruses of frogs and salamanders are different. So far, ranaviruses have not been detected in toads, but have caused disease outbreaks in true frogs and tiger salamanders. As of February 2002, die-offs of amphibians due to ranavirus have occurred in 15 states, including California, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming and Colorado.
Amphibian Malformities, Diseases, and Parasites
Amphibian Malformities, Diseases, and Parasites
Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines
Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines
Live Fishing Bait May Spread Virus that Kills Amphibians
The transportation and sale of live bait may be responsible for the spread of Amphibian Diseases caused by strains of an iridovirus, according to a September 8 Arizona State University (ASU) press release.
USGS National Wildlife Health Center
USGS National Wildlife Health Center
USGS National Wildlife Health Center - Amphibian Malformation and Decline
USGS National Wildlife Health Center - Amphibian Malformation and Decline
NEARMI | Amphibian Diseases
ARMI researchers enter Amphibian disease data into the ARMI database and send diseased or recently dead amphibians to the USGS National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, WI, where Dr. David E. Green examines and diagnoses the amphibians.As we learn more about Amphibian Diseases, concern has grown that field scientists may be vectors for transmitting Diseases among study sites. We follow standard protocols developed by the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force (DAPTF) to reduce the risk of carrying disease accidentally between habitats. These protocols should be used by anyone conducting fieldwork in and around Amphibian habitat, including wetlands, breeding sites, or upland areas known to be used by amphibians. In general, these protocols recommend disinfection of all equipment, including, but not limited to, waders, nets, and calipers in a > 10% bleach solution between drainages. Chytrid fungus spreads through waterborne zoospores. These spores, and the fungal thalli in which they are formed, can remain viable in mud or any damp place. For example, zoospores have been found in mud caked between the treads of boots and waders. Thorough scrubbing with a bleach solution is critical for proper disinfection of equipment. We use equipment specifically designated for certain sites (e.g., dip nets) and disinfect equipment between all discrete sites. In addition to following the protocols suggested by the DAPTF and the linked presentation, we are especially alert for apparent mass mortality or die-off events. We collect any sick, dying, or recently dead amphibians and submit them to USGS-NWHC for pathological examination.
Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian populat...[Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Nov-Dec] - PubMed Result
Emerging infectious Diseases and Amphibian populat...[Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Nov-Dec] - PubMed Result
Amphibian Abstracts, Distribution Maps
Amphibian Abstracts, Distribution Maps
Amphibian Malformations
Amphibian Malformations
ARMI Publications
* Green, D.E., 2004, Amphibian biodiversity and sentinels , Amphibian Diseases, die-offs and declines , Amphibian anatomy and physical examinations , Diseases of Amphibian eggs , Diseases of Amphibian larvae , Diseases of frogs and toads , Diseases of salamanders , Amphibian capture-sample-release techniques , and Amphibian blood collection and storage : Lectures delivered at Amphibian Health Exams and Disease Monitoring Training Workshop, February, 2004, National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown, W.Va.
NPWRC :: Checklist of Amphibian Species and Identification Guide
A website devoted to Amphibian Diseases, especially those associated with population declines. Emphasis is on Australian amphibians, but the Diseases discussed have been found in populations around the world.
spread of disease
In the southeastern U. S., warm water fish hatcheries supply National Wildlife Refuges and other land management agencies with stock for sport fishing, ecological restoration, and as food vital in endangered species management. Several million fish may be transported from one region to another across state lines in a single restocking event. For example, three million bluegills were stocked at HNNWR in 2004 in order to provide food for a nesting colony of endangered Wood Storks. With the fish come a host of other aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates, including tadpoles and potentially salamander larvae. Shipments are not screened for Amphibian larvae or Amphibian Diseases. Moving large numbers of non disease-screened Amphibian larvae throughout a region has the potential to transfer disease pathogens quickly and with serious consequences to resident Amphibian populations. For example, chytrid fungi can remain virulent for seven days in contaminated water, thus offering the potential for disease transmission even without direct contact with infected amphibians (Johnson and Speare, 2003). In South Carolina, chytrids were first reported in bullfrogs in 1978 from the Savannah River Site, not far from the USFWS Orangeburg NFH, a source of fish stock for the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Chytrid infections in amphibians also have been reported from the coastal plain of North Carolina.
Status and Trends
Status and Trends
Fish and Wildlife Service
Fish and Wildlife Service
Lawriter - ORC - CHAPTER 941: ANIMAL DISEASES
Lawriter - ORC - CHAPTER 941: ANIMAL Diseases
nsf.gov - News - NSF, NIH Award Ecology of Infectious Diseases Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
nsf.gov - News - NSF, NIH Award Ecology of Infectious Diseases Grants - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
Live Fishing Bait May Spread Virus that Kills Amphibians - US Department of State
The transportation and sale of live bait may be responsible for the spread of Amphibian Diseases caused by strains of an iridovirus, says an Arizona State University (ASU) press release.
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